Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing

modify create System for Malaysia Public Ho exploitationThe Malaysia body structure pains plays an important role in generating wealth to the country and development of social and economic infrastructures and twist. The intentness provides job opportunities for 800,000 people which represented 8% of total workforce (CIMP, 2006). The twist industry is genius of the productive sectors that constantly contribute to the economy. correspond to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a turn of events technique in which components ar fabricate in a controlled environment (on or tally identify), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. IBS is not new to the seduceion industry in Malaysia. Only it has now remerged worldwide into the 21st carbon as a reasonable solution to improve overall social organisation image and performance. The Malaysia government has sp ard no effort to bring IBS to the drawing tables of all professionals bear on in the built environment. Based on the IBS Roadmap (2003), the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 has been endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers to be the blueprint document for the industrialisation of the Malaysia construction sector.This is because under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) the governing body of Malaysia for the first time to introduced the Low Medium Cost Ho development category (the previously it was classified unitedly with medium comprise house category) due to the unendingly increasing demand for house in this category. In additional, it is to ensure that the middle low income free radical with salary ranging from RM1,501.00 to RM2,500.00 per month and able to own a house. However, the price of low medium cost hovictimization argon round RM42,001.00 to RM60,000.00 per unit only. Using IBS in this types of housing attend ar more suitable because spirited volume and stability of demand for buildings is the advantages of using IBS. Besides that, it allow for to a f ault reduce the selling price of low medium cost housing.The IBS is a manufactured the building components at factories (off site manufacture), go away enable cost saving safety and health productivity and attribute improvement through the reduction of ride intensity and construction standardisation. Apart from this manner acting, it also offers minimal site wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled smell, and lower total construction costs.Using utmoster piece of IBS in the construction of state-supported housing and other building projects will provide better productivity, type, and safety, especially for the total construction time saving and cost saving. IBS will contribute towards a better construction industry, as well as improve the global competitiveness of Malaysian builders. Nowadays, IBS in Malaysia become more popularity in the construction industry especially for the political sympathies project. An early effort by the Government of Malaysia to promote usage of IBS and develop an Open Building establishment (OBS) c erstpt as an alternative to conventional and lug intensive construction order acting has yet to make headway. jibe to Works Minister Datuk Mohd Zin Mohamed, the prefabricated parts will be used in all Government projects in a proposal to reduce the dependence on foreign workers. Besides that, it wills also minify inherent social problems involving these foreign workers. The use of prefabricated parts was part of the IBS which would be adopted for all Government projects. The Government of Malaysia has couched all government agencies carrying divulge development and peoples housing projects to use at least 70% IBS content in those projects.AimA study into using IBS in the universe housing in Malaysia and the popularity apply in the construction.ObjectivesTo study the history of IBS in public housing.To study the categorisation of various types of IBS and apply to public housing.To identif y the benefits and barriers of the IBS in public housing.To identify as a potential order to improve overall construction performance.To identify as a popularity for public housing.HypothesisApply IBS into public housing will be one of the better construction brasss to construct the building. For the future, the IBS will become more and more popularity for construction industry in Malaysia. For the construction cost, time and quality, IBS will be the better one to control all the construction cost, to speed up the construction times and to provide mettlesome quality of components.BackgroundSince early 1960s, IBS has been introduced in Malaysia by the use of precast concrete beam-column element and dining tableized carcass (Thanoon, 2003). Nearly, 22.7 acres of land along Jalan Pekeliling was dedicated to the project comprising seven-spot occlusions of 17-storey flats (about 3,000 units of low-cost flat and 40 expose lots). These first archetype projects are using the Danis h System of pear-shaped panels in a prefabricated governance. The second pilot project is a six block of 17-storey flats and trinity blocks of 18-storey flats at Jalan Rifle Range and using French Estoit System.Apply the IBS in the construction industry will improve overall construction performance such as standardization, total quality improvement, reduce defect, waste reduction, cost saving and etc. But cipher in this world is perfect, so some barriers of using IBS in the construction industry will be the poor knowledge of install IBS, want of guidance, lack of professional trained in IBS and etc.Based on IBS Roadmap (2003), IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and published to steer the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities and guide the practitioners and policy makers on IBS related issues.Scope and limitation of studyThis paper shall identify the common types of IBS in the construction industry and apply into public housing in order to determine their imp act on construction projects and popularity for the public housing. This study is part of the ongoing research appraising and analyzing how we use the IBS in construction and how many a(prenominal) ploughshare of IBS are using in the construction project. Therefore, this study will imply the following areasDefinition of IBS in public housing.The history of the IBS for public housing in Malaysia.Classification of IBS in Malaysia.Various types of IBS in construction industry and which one is more useful for public housing.The advantages and disadvantages of using IBS for public housing.The selling price and the popularity using IBS for public housing to the contractor. query MethodologyLiterature ReviewIn the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea regarding IBS for public housing. This refers to collecting the latest secondary data and information from different sources which including books, journals, magazines, dissertations, conference papers, a nd information from the internet. These materials were used for background reading to obtain full understanding and information studyed for raillery and analysis in the research.QuestionnairesA questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questions will centre on the KL areas mentioned in the above fair games. A multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 questions, in order to obtain a high level of response.Project Plan and ScheduleChapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter will include the project title, rationale of the study, scope and limitation of study, research goals and methodology. In addition, aims, objective and hypothesis of the study are included under the research goals.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter will display the definition of IBS, history of IBS for public housing, variety of IBS in Malaysia, and benefits and barriers of using IBS in construction project for public housing and this literature review will base on the dissertation objectives.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThis chapter will discuss on the technique for data collection to achieve the dissertations aim and objective. Besides, it also includes the research sample and method of analysis for the feedback obtained from the respondents.Chapter 4 Data AnalysisThis chapter wills purviews and analysisthe data collectionfrom the contractor, consultant and developer of people about their opinions, behaviour or knowledge.Chapter 5 ConclusionThe conclusion will include summary on the dissertation from chapter 1 to chapter 4 together all the research result to present the overall findings and make appropriate recommendations.ReferencesCIDB, 2003. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. Malaysia CIDB.CIDB, 2003. National IBS Survey, 2003. Malaysia CIDB.Kamar, K.A.M.,Alshawi,M. And Hamid,Z.,(2009). Barriers to industrialized Building System (IBS) The Case of Malaysia. pdf Unit ed farming IPGRC. Available at http//www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Abstract111.pdf. Accessed 15 May2010Mohd Rofdzi Abdullah, Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, Ahmad Tarmizi Haron, Mohammed Arif, (2009). Industrialised Building System A Definition and Concept. pdf United Kingdom ARCOM. Available at http//www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Arcom.pdf. Accessed 05 May 2010CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionThis chapter will explain in details and provide the literature review of Industrialised Building System (IBS). Besides that, it will also cover the literature review of building clay. Usually, the contents of this chapter are including definitions of IBS, history of IBS in public housing, classification of IBS, types of IBS, characteristic of IBS, benefits and barriers of using IBS in public housing, IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 and IBS scoring system.2.1 Definitions of IBSUntil the present time there has been no single commonly-approved definition of IBS. IBS can be different industry players to define different things. However, there are difference resources to define the several definitions that reflected the concept of IBS and which widely accepted by the construction industry.According to CIDB Malaysia (2001) defines IBS as a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. As such, components that are being prefabricated in a controlled environment on site are also considered as IBS. While there are numerous descriptions of the IBS concept by local researchers, all of the definitions stressed on prefabrication and mass end product.In other definition by Warswaski (1999), the IBS can be defined in which all building are mass produced such as walls, slabs, beams, columns and staircases either in factory or at site factory under unyielding quality control and minimal wet site activities. Industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities and engineering with the purpose of maximising production output, minimizing labour fatality and improving total quality while a building system is defined as a set of interconnected element that joint together to enable the designated performance of a building.Based on Lessing et al (2005) explained IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organization for efficient management, readiness and control over resources used, activities and results supported by the used of highly developed components.Rahman Omar (2006) defined IBS as a construction system that is built using prefabricated components. The manufacturing of the components is systemati bellowy done using machine, formworks and other forms of mechanical equipment. The components are manufactured offsite and once completed will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and erection.Chung Kadir (2007 ) defined IBS as a mass production of building components either in factory or at site according to the specification with standard shape and dimensions and transport to the construction site to be re-arranged with certain standard to form a building.2.2 History of IBS in Public HousingIBS in Malaysia has began in early 1960s, according to Thanoon et al (2003) when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries, at the same time evaluates their housing development program. In the year 1964 and after their successful visit, the Government had launched pilot project on using IBS to increase the delivery time and to construct better quality and affordable houses.The first pilot project was constructed at Jalan Pekeliling in Kuala Lumpur and about 22.7 acres of land was dedicated to the project comprising quadruplet blocks of 4-storey flats and seven blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,000 units of low cost flats for the low a nd median income group and 40 units of shop lots. This housing project was undertaken by Gammon/ Larsen Nielsen and this project are using the Danish System of large panels in a industrialised prefabricated system. According to Thanoon et al (2003), the construction for housing project was complete from 1966 until 1968 (around total 27 months) speed up the time taken in the construction of the around RM 2.5 million casting yard at Jalan Damansara.In 1965, the Government of Malaysia launched a second project, is a three blocks of 18-storey flats and six blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,699 units and 66 units of shop lots along at Jalan Rifle Range in Penang. The housing project was honoured by Hochtief/ Chee Seng and this project are using French Estoit System (Din, 1984). This housing project was complete within 27 months.If we are mention to the two pilot projects, a performance comparison between the IBS and the conventional system has been carried in terms o f cost, productivity, quality, and time. According to the research, the first pilot project incurred 8.1% higher costs than a similar building such as using conventional construction method, while the second pilot project was lower. In term of total construction speed, both of the housing project required total 27 months to complete the whole project, inclusive of time required to set up the recasting factories. The total quality of building finishes was also found to be better than the using conventional construction method.Another earliest using IBS in public housing project was at Taman Tun Sardon in Penang. These using IBS in public housing project total all about 1,000 units of 5-storey walk up flat and this project are using IBS precast component and system. The IBS precast component and system in the housing project was designed to the low cost housing by British Research Establishment and especially for the low and median income group. According to the research of Constructi on Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) 2006, approximately at the same time at Edmonton in North London, there are using similar system was constructed and total amount about 20,000 BRECAST dwellings were constructed throughout UK from 1964 until 1974. Based on Rahman and Omar (2006), the total all building design was very rudimentary and quite a simple and not considering the feature of serviceability such as the local or user needs to consent wet toilet and bathroom.According to the CIDB (2006), many constructions in the following years using precast wall panel system. Low cost high rise residential building is one of the processes to survey that IBS was connect at first place in the construction to overcome the increasing demand for housing needs. For all that, in the earlier stage was neer sustained for the industrialisation of construction. Failure of early closed fabricated system do the industry afraid of changing their construction method. The information was ba sed on the CIDB (2005), using IBS in construction were also found not be so suitable with Malaysia mood and social practices especially for the foreign systems that were introduced during the late 60s and 70s.Introduced than in the construction market were constantly being newer and better technologies. Based on CIDB (2005), identified to be suitable to be used in our tropical climate is the wet joint systems and it was also better to using in the bathroom types which were comparatively wetter than those in the Europe.Another about 1200 units of housing using prefabrication technology were is launched by the Penang State Government in 1978. After two years later, the Ministry of Defense to be build around 2800 units of living quarters and adopted large prefabricated panel construction system in Lumut Naval Base (Trikha and Ali, 2004).Enhance the using of precast concrete system in high rise residential building during the 90s this is because total demand for the new township has se en to increase. According to the research, Perbadaan Kemajuan Negari Selangor (PKNS) as a state Government development agency acquired precast concrete technology from Praton Haus International based on Germany to build low cost housing and high cost bungalows between 1981 and 1993 for the new townships in Selangor (Hassim et al, 2009 and National IBS Survey, 2003). It was recorded then total around 52,000 housing units was constructed and using Praton Haus system.In Malaysian construction industry, using IBS as a method of construction is evolving. Nowadays, more local manufacturers throw away established themselves in the market. Many had acquired enough knowledge through technology transfer to build up own capacity in IBS technologies and this research are base on PKNS Engineering, and Setia Precast and Global Globe.The current stage of IBS used in Malaysia housing projects can be classified into four categories. It was reported that at least 21 manufactures and suppliers of IB S are actively promoting their systems in Malaysia. IBS move to the next step of the development through the establishment of IBS Centre at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, Cheras in Kuala Lumpur. Using IBS in the construction will improve the total performance and quality of construction, as well as to minimize the semiskilled(prenominal) foreign labour in the construction industry.2.3 Classification of Building SystemThere are four types of building system currently available in Malaysias building system classification and this are according to Badir Razali (1998). The building system can be namely as a Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plyboard Cast in-situ system with poise or aluminium as formwork the Composite building system and Prefabricated system and this four types of building system is shown as below. Each building system is represented by its respective construction method which is further characterised by its construction technology, functional and geo metrical configuration. There from the four systems, are identified as IBS excluding conventional building system.Building SystemConventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood.Cast in-situ system with leaf blade or aluminium as formwork.Composite building systemPrefabricated systemTable FormTunnel FormPanel systemFrame systemBox systemFlow Chart 1 Type of building system in Malaysia.2.3.1 Conventional Construction MethodConventional construction method is defined as components of the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, trade name reinforcement, and cast in-situ. This construction method is for the most part built of reinforced concrete frames for conventional building. Using the wooden formwork mainly is for the traditionalistic construction method and need take some time to construct the formwork before concreting. This construction method is much more costly for construction which is nee d includes total labour requirement, raw material, transportation and very importance once is low speed of construction.2.3.2 Cast In-Situ Construction MethodThis cast in-situ construction method is more suitable for a country where the unskilled labour is limited. There construction method is not a using heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically and applicable to almost all types of building design. The formwork is used as a mould where wet concrete is poured into a terminable system and the temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures.The main objective of a cast in-situ construction method is to weed out and reduce the using traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel or fibreglass or aluminium that is easily erected and dismantle d. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork after finishes construct the formwork. After placing the reinforcement they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set and according to the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. These construction methods are required limited labour and it will reduce the total labour need. Its advantages over the conventional construction method include, low skill workers requirement, ready construction, low building maintenance, durable structure and less construction cost.2.3.3 Composite Construction MethodThe main objectives of composite construction method or call partially prefabricated are to improve quality of components, reduce construction cost, and shorten total all construction time. It is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrialising aspects, whi le avoiding or postponing the use of others. The concept of composite construction method is derived from the composite nature of full industrialisation. The prefabricated construction method is combined in such a manner that the features applied could be prominently demonstrated, especially composing various works such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes, and equipments.2.3.4 Prefabricated Construction MethodIn this prefabricated construction method, all structural elements can be standardised are prefabricated in the factory. Usually, this construction method would absorb the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in-filled walls, bathrooms, and staircases into place for incorporation into the main units, columns and beams. This construction method will increase the productivity of the industry and it will reduce the amount of site labour involved in building operations. Precast building systems can reduce the time of a project if certain conditi ons are met.The last three construction methods (from the flow chart 1) are considered as a non conventional construction methods. These three types of construction method are specifically aimed at increasing performance of construction. Through using the better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials and it will increase the productivity and total quality of work.2.4 Classification of IBSAccording to Badir et al. (1998), IBS can be classified according to several aspects-Classification according to structural system.Classification according to material.Classification according to sexual relation weight of components.2.4.1 Classification According to Structural SystemAccording to Abraham Warszawski (1999), IBS can be classified according structural systematic aspects. The IBS can be classifies into three categories such as-Frame System.Panel system.Boxes system.Figure 1, 2, and 3 below as shows the concept of the system as classified above.2.4.1.1 Frame SystemAcc ording to Badir (1998), linear and frame system is system that use main structure such as column and beam where columns and beams support all the building weight. The walls need to be light and easy to install and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element.2.4.1.2 Panel SystemAccording to Badir (1998), in the panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to buildings which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories. So, this panel system is more suitable to build the public housing in the certain high storey.2.4.1.3 Box SystemAccording to Badir (1998), the rectangular or three dimensional systems or boxes system include those systems that employ three dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that is capable of withstanding load from variou s directions due to their internal stability.2.4.2 Classification According to Material2.4.2.1 TimberThe timber have a two types of prefabrication which is ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints this mostly for the columns and beams and another is structural panels where there are only for walls and floors without columns and beams.2.4.2.2 Brick and Block workLaying of brick or block work are carried out in a mass at factory and transported to site or on site construction. Besides the, building are under construction in the form of panel and then erected.2.4.2.3 SteelSteel construction essentially contains factors of prefabrication which is one of the criteria of IBS. Elements are jointed by welding, rivet or bolting on site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building.2.4.2.4 Reinforced concreteThere are two basic directions in development of reinforced concrete IBS component which is panelised components such as walls and floors and precast frame members such as columns and beams. The characteristic of reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, low material cost, durability, and fire resistance. Jointing at site is the key issue of this system.2.4.3 Classification According to Relative Weight of ComponentThe IBS components can be classified according to their relative weight as show in Table 1 below. Relative to weight of components should be used as a basic for building classification due to the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method on site.NoGeneral SystemSystemProduction Material1FrameSystem roost weight frameWood, light calibre metalsMedium light weight frameMetal, reinforced plastics, laminated woodHeavy weight frameHeavy steel, concrete2PanelsystemLight and medium weight panelWood frame, metal frameand composite materialHeavy weight panel(factory produced)ConcreteH eavy weight panel(tilt up-produced on site)Concrete3Box system(modules)Medium weight box(mobile)Wood frame, light gagemetal, compositeMedium weight box(sectional)Wood frame, light gagemetal, compositeHeavy weight box(factory produced)ConcreteHeavy box(tunnel produced on site)ConcreteTable 1 Building system classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977)2.5 Types of IBS and Apply to Public HousingAccording to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction process that using techniques, products, components, or building system which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. Base on the structure aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groups such as-Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box SystemsPrecast concrete elements are the most common type in this area. There are precast concrete for columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formwork. This all item are consider using precast method. B esides that, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, bowl over chamber, refuse chambers and etc.This precast method is more famous for the construction industry, especially for the public housing when construct using the IBS. Using this method can saving the total construction time if compare to the conventional method.Steel Formwork SystemsThis is the system formwork which designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape.These steel formworks systems are subjected to structural quality control and generally involve site casting. So, this type of IBS method is considered as the low level or least prefabrication in the construction industry. However, this steel formwork systems does offer fast construction and construction time saving and at the same time will provide high quality of finishes with less site labour and m aterial requirement.These steel formwork systems will include table forms, tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and columns moulding forms and permanent steel formworks like metal decks and etc. This steel formwork system also one of the famous system used by the contractor during the construction.Steel Framing SystemsThese steel framing systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast track construction projects and this system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams. Current stage of development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections.Nowadays, this method is more useful for the housing project, especially for the steel roof trusses (show as below project 6). This is because the timber roof trusses need the labour to take some time to con struct it and lastly need the anti-termite for the timber roof trusses.Prefabricated Timber Framing SystemsThese prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for construct the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses (show as below figure 7). While the steel framing systems have been the more popular choice on construction industry, but the timber roof truss system also have its own market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts. This prefabricated timber framing system we can see in the traditional building.Block Work SystemsBy using this effective alternative system, the tedious and time-consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionize